THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL AUTONOMY AND WORK STRESS IN GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND NURSE PERFORMANCE IN PAKISTAN

Abstract

Gender discrimination remains a pervasive issue in Pakistan’s healthcare sector, particularly within nursing a profession dominated by women. This study examines the relationship between gender discrimination and nurse performance, with a focus on the mediating roles of professional autonomy and work stress. A cross-sectional design was employed, collecting data from 161 nurses across public and private hospitals in Central Punjab, Pakistan. Standardized questionnaires were used to assess perceived gender discrimination, professional autonomy, work stress, and job performance. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and contingency coefficients, were conducted to explore associations and mediation pathways. Results indicate that gender discrimination negatively impacts nurse performance, both directly and indirectly, through reduced professional autonomy and increased work stress. Significant sectoral differences were observed: private hospital nurses reported higher discrimination and stress, whereas government hospital nurses experienced greater autonomy and job stability. The study integrates sociological theories, Conflict Theory, Gender Role Theory, and Equity Theory to interpret findings. Practical recommendations are offered for policy interventions aimed at enhancing autonomy, reducing stress, and mitigating discrimination to improve nurse performance and healthcare outcomes in Pakistan.

Keywords: Gender Discrimination, Professional Autonomy, Work Stress, Nurse Performance, Healthcare, Pakistan, Mediation, Equity Theory, Organizational Behavior.